who is plato ?
plato was a philosopher who was instrumental in the development of ancient Greek philosophy and Western philosophy in general. Plato's teacher Socrates and Plato's disciple Aristotle also made great contributions. In addition to being a philosopher, Plato is also known as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality. Thinkers such as Plotinus and Porphyry developed Plato's thought into Neoplatonism. Neoplantonism had a great influence on the development of Christianity, especially on the thinking of church fathers such as Augustine. The philosopher Alfred North Whitehead even quoted Plato's words, "The surest common feature of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of several footnotes to Plato."
Socrates greatly influenced Plato's thinking. His most famous work is the Republic (Greek or Polythenic, "state"), where he outlined his vision of the "ideal". He also wrote the Law and many dialogues in which Socrates was an important
According to Plato's standards, valid human qualities can be seen in the structure: epithumia , thamos and logisticon.
According to Plato, epitumia was a primitive human desire that had to be fulfilled without the possibility of compromise. That passion is a very difficult instinct to subdue in a relationship (reason). Plato mentioned that the nature of the epitum is irrational, unreasonable, so physiologically the epitum is located in the lower abdomen away from the head.
"Epithumia" is the source of all cravings for food, drink, sex and wealth. With this emblem, human survival is guaranteed thanks to appetite and drinking, and as a living human species thanks to reproduction (heredity). Plato mentioned that the nature of epithmia is irrational, unreasonable, so physiologically the epitum is located in the lower abdomen away from the head.
Desires such as sex, eating, drinking and money are part of the epitum. According to Plato, such passions are useful for human survival, but man becomes ill if he only aims for the fulfillment of those desires without knowing satisfaction. Such an attitude is simply crushing the person himself.
Food and drink and sex (or simply money), which are constantly sought after constantly, are increasingly indefinitely and do not know how to satisfy them, make the human individual to some degree self-destructing.
Plato described the ratio (logically) as coachman, emotional (thumos) and appetite (epithum) as two horses with uncontrollable rush, for Plato, epithum is the meaning of the soul, understood according to the principle of happiness and unhappiness. Epithum is defined as a dark horse that tends not to obey reason and always wants to fulfill the pleasure sought that will interfere with the wholeness of the person. Because he always looked at without pause, always rising infinitely and not understanding the meaning of satisfaction. Plato conveyed the idea of the "king of philosophers". The mind is a mixture of great knowledge and skillful management within one's own head." Plato's republic is a republic that rejects negativity. The republic is ruled by an extraordinary person.
In politics you see something that is about to arrive. It is conceivable that the world seems subjective, meaning that what is seen in the understanding can always be adapted to the objective world. Plato divided the levels of goodness into parts of the human psyche, namely epithumia, thumos, and logistics. At first the goodness is at the level of the serpent's lust to the bottom (the soul part of the epitum).
Plato found the good sought at this level unreasonable, since it always requires satisfaction. The danger lies in the destruction of human integrity. Secondly, the good lies in the level of constancy, strength, self-esteem (part of the thumos of interest). Plato saw the kindness pursued at this level as useful. However, this level of kindness still has an irrational nature, since determination and late self-esteem can swell and undermine one's integrity. Third, kindness consists of a level of logistics that gives people a sense of happiness. The good sought at this level is rational because it has an abstract basis, value, a beautiful goodness itself.
Value goes beyond the satisfaction of lust and self-esteem. This abstract goodness is always sought after because it is beneficial to human life. But its utility value has the value of life in itself. Description of the soul, which Plato divided into three main elements. The early epitumium is a symbol of the lower passions. In other words, an epithum is the need to satisfy the biological aspects of a person. Such as eating, drinking, and sex.
Each person needs to meet his biological needs, but ideas can be a hindrance, since these desires are irrational or short-lived. This biological meaning, however, is not the most important to fulfill, that one needs not extinguish one's desires, but strict control so that self-destruction does not occur.
'Thumos'
Physiologically, epithumia is in the lower abdomen, while thumos are in the neck or chest . Thumos is very different from epitumia . Thumos means affection, taste, passion and aggressiveness. Courage appeared in Thumo. According to Plato, thumos can make people not give up their fate, not give up, let alone withstand the pressure of life.
The feeling of love, the desire to be recognized, the desire to be appreciated, the desire to be praised are characteristic of thumos. Money, food, and sex are not everything to the dominant person Tumos. They need recognition, respect, and love. People who are driven by the core do not look for material things of a lower nature.
thumos are desires that are generally good and easily controlled by the mind. However, in the case of self-monitoring, the tumor can become irrational. We see examples of people driving to fanatical supporters of football teams or religious fanatic groups. They do not focus on the fulfillment of food, money, etc., but can irrationally (until death) maintain what they believe in.
This element of thumos has to do with all forms of affection, taste, passion and aggression. Thumos is where courage awakens and refreshes the human soul at the sight of something disappointing, thus creating rebels/against the disappointed. At the same time, finally, a person does not succumb to disappointment or circumstances that attack him.
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Thumos refers to pride, self-esteem, anger at injustice. Thumoides do not specifically refer to masculinity, since guardian women must also later be trained to become thumoids created for gods. Thumos refers to the moral feeling that lies between passion (belly down) and relationship (in the head).
This principle of thumos is the raw material of the virtue of courage. But if the tumor is not well established, it becomes the basis of cowardice and sluggishness. Epitumia itself is breast. Thumos, is the principle of the spirit of great pride. For example, Plato tells about Leontius Aglaionos, who when walking in the square where the execution took place, on the one hand felt "the desire to see them" (the desire to see the executed corpses), but on the other hand felt "disgust and disgust" (feeling disgusted and refusing to see the corpses).
Plato, talk about something other than logistics, but something different from irrational tastes. Because the actions of Leontius were contrary to lust, who simply wanted to seek pleasure and avoid pain. There is another element in the soul that makes Leo angry, but not just anger, but anger, rational anger because of the injustice that exists.
Thumos is a sense of pride, self-esteem or pride that makes people reject irrational tastes. He did this because he was seeking logistical advice. This logistical advice allows the tums to control the episi. Thumos also played a special role in self-defense, which is a very important part of this mission. He became a logistical assistant to appease the epithumetic /epithum But like the epithumetic, which cannot be controlled, bringing people to their special interests, disturbing the whole people, so too are the tums. Sometimes the whole person can be conquered by the thumos because of their special interests. A person may lack ideas and not use logistics because self-esteem is more dominant in certain cases.
'Logistikon' is part of the rational soul, the source of wisdom, part of affection. For Plato, this part was the "best" part of the human soul because it mastered two parts of the soul (epithumia and thumos). With the description of these three arrangements, people are basically "in conflict" between these three parts. From these three structural images, it is easy to conclude that the epitum is a human desire driven by the lusts and desires of the flesh. Thumo has a desire to achieve self-esteem and respect, and also tends to follow more "logistical" considerations, but still it is only a desire aimed at self-esteem.
According to Plato, logistics or logic is the most important factor. Logic is described as an intelligent coachman who can arrange epithumia (dark horse) and Thumos (white horse) so that they can walk together to achieve their goals. Because logistics is full of wisdom and intelligence, it is at the pinnacle of the anatomy of the human body, that is, the head. Using logic is the most important for a happy life. Plato argued that people who live (only) with epithumia or tum are dangerous to civilization. Civilization is built only by people with good logic, so they can organize their irrational desires.
Logistics is the desire that dominated the previous two desires. So according to Plato, the ideal is a person whose soul is well organized, coordinated to serve reason/mind. Therefore, spirit refining is a prerequisite, so that people can orient themselves in a good direction. (at the same time).
What are the positive consequences of this? At least the effect can be expressed as follows: people do have a lot of desires. Even desires that are labeled negative cannot be avoided or avoided. It is in everyone. With this fact, according to the author, the most important thing is to "train yourself" to be able to manage the three desires that exist without neglecting each other. One must excel not only intellectually (logistically/relationally) but also one who can place and control the epithelium and darkness, in the right place and at the right time.
In practice, self-control is very important not only when there is a "special time" to put it into practice, but throughout a person's life. Furthermore, each individual must be able to be "self-aware" and realize the potential in himself to feel what he is. As a leader, a political figure, a figure who is presented and an example in society, one must "stand here and dig up" the philosophical values and ideas of the human soul structure. Plato. Every public figure must be able to control himself, be aware of himself and his abilities, and regulate all his ways of thinking, emotions, and actions in order to fulfill all his responsibilities correctly.
participant. Plato's famous parable is the parable of the man in the cave. Cicero says Platon scribend is mortuus (Plato died while writing).
In works written in his youth, Plato always presented the personality and writings of Socrates as the main subject matter of his essays. Plato wrote no less than thirty-six books, mostly on political and ethical issues, but also on metaphysics and theology. Almost all of Plato's works are written in a dialogue tone. In Chapter VII, Plato asserts that pen and ink freeze true thoughts written in mute letters. Therefore, in his opinion, if the thought should be written, then writing in the form of a dialogue is the most appropriate.
Plato's most famous work is written in the book Republic. This book contains Plato's ideas about the most ideal government. According to Plato, a good government should be led by a nobleman, that is. the best, wisest and most elected leader of the country. The director should not be elected by a vote, but by a joint decision appointed by the trustee.
The Guardian itself refers to a collection of rulers and public figures. Plato taught that all people, men and women, should have the same right to be leaders, so he was the first philosopher to propose equal opportunities regardless of gender. To demonstrate equal opportunity, Plato proposed that the education and upbringing of children be managed by the state. First, the child must get a proper education. The Republic has been widely read for centuries. But the political system he supported was never used as a model of government in any country.
From plato's time to the present, most European countries have adhered to the royal system. Over the past few centuries, some countries have adopted a democratic form of government. There are also those who adhere to a military system of government or under totalitarian tyrants such as Hitler and Mussolini. None of these governments resembled Plato's ideal republic. Plato's theory has never been a model of any political party or the base of any political movement, as is the case with the teachings of Karl Marx.
According to Plato, philosophy is the science that creates the desire to continue learning. As much as we all naturally want to know, we are actually philosophers at heart. In short, philosophy begins with curiosity.
In addition, the desire to know must be based on self-knowledge, because how can we know things intelligently if we do not know ourselves.
So it is important that a person's true self is his soul. There are three impulses in this soul: the core of reason, affection and lust. As a result, in the practical world a phenomenon is staged, which is often unconscious and less controllable. It often happens that attitudes are exaggerated, feeling that they know everything, but actually can't control it, including not being able to tell what and how to present themselves in public. In such conditions, people are considered necessary to learn and understand that self-control is important.
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